Large-scale, use-case-specific synthetic data is becoming increasingly significant in real-world computer vision and AI workflows. By leveraging digital twins, NVIDIA is revolutionizing the creation of physics-based virtual replicas of environments such as factories and retail spaces, enabling precise simulations of real-world settings, according to the NVIDIA Technical Blog.
Enhancing AI with Synthetic Data
NVIDIA Isaac Sim, built on NVIDIA Omniverse, is a comprehensive application designed to facilitate the design, simulation, testing, and training of AI-enabled robots. The Omni.Replicator.Agent (ORA) extension in Isaac Sim is specifically used for generating synthetic data to train computer vision models, including the TAO PeopleNet Transformer and TAO ReIdentificationNet Transformer.
This approach is part of NVIDIA’s broader strategy to improve multi-camera tracking (MTMC) vision AI applications. By generating high-quality synthetic data and fine-tuning base models for specific use cases, NVIDIA aims to enhance the accuracy and robustness of these models.
Overview of ReIdentificationNet
ReIdentificationNet (ReID) is a network used in MTMC and Real-Time Location System (RTLS) applications to track and identify objects across different camera views. It extracts embeddings from detected object crops, capturing essential information such as appearance, texture, color, and shape. This enables the identification of similar objects across multiple cameras.
Accurate ReID models are crucial for multi-camera tracking, as they help associate objects across different camera views and maintain continuous tracking. The accuracy of these models can be significantly improved by fine-tuning them with synthetic data generated from ORA.
Model Architecture and Pretraining
The ReIdentificationNet model uses RGB image crops of size 256 x 128 as inputs and outputs an embedding vector of size 256 for each image crop. The model supports ResNet-50 and Swin transformer backbones, with the Swin variant being a human-centric foundational model pretrained on approximately 3 million image crops.
For pretraining, NVIDIA adopted a self-supervised learning technique called SOLIDER, built on DINO (self-DIstillation with NO labels). SOLIDER uses prior knowledge of human-image crops to generate pseudo-semantic labels, which train the human representations with semantic information. The pretraining dataset includes a combination of NVIDIA proprietary datasets and Open Images V5.
Fine-tuning the ReID Model
Fine-tuning involves training the pretrained model on various supervised person re-identification datasets, which include both synthetic and real NVIDIA proprietary datasets. This process helps mitigate issues like ID switches, which occur when the system incorrectly associates IDs due to high visual similarity between different individuals or changes in appearance over time.
To fine-tune the ReID model, NVIDIA recommends generating synthetic data using ORA, ensuring that the model learns the unique characteristics and nuances of the specific environment. This leads to more reliable identification and tracking.
Simulation and Data Generation
The Isaac Sim and Omniverse Replicator Agent extension are used to generate synthetic data for training the ReID model. Best practices for configuring the simulation include considering factors such as character count, character uniqueness, camera placement, and character behavior.
Character count and uniqueness are crucial for ReIdentificationNet, as the model benefits from a higher number of unique identities. Camera placement is also important, as cameras should be positioned to cover the entire floor area where characters are expected to be detected and tracked. Character behavior can be customized in Isaac Sim ORA to provide flexibility and variety in their movement.
Training and Evaluation
Once the synthetic data is generated, it is prepared and sampled for training the TAO ReIdentificationNet model. Training tricks such as using ID loss, triplet loss, center loss, random erasing augmentation, warmup learning rate, BNNeck, and label smoothing can enhance the accuracy of the ReID model during the fine-tuning process.
Evaluation scripts are used to verify the accuracy of the ReID model before and after fine-tuning. Metrics such as rank-1 accuracy and mean average precision (mAP) are used to evaluate the model’s performance. Fine-tuning with synthetic data has been shown to significantly boost accuracy scores, as demonstrated by NVIDIA’s internal tests.
Deployment and Conclusion
After fine-tuning, the ReID model can be exported to ONNX format for deployment in MTMC or RTLS applications. This workflow enables developers to enhance ReID models’ accuracy without the need for extensive labeling efforts, leveraging the flexibility of ORA and the developer-friendly TAO API.
Image source: Shutterstock